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Fruits Basket (Japanese: フルーツバスケットHepburn: Furūtsu Basuketto), sometimes abbreviated Furuba or Fruba (フルバ), is a Japanese shōjomanga series written and illustrated by Natsuki Takaya. It was serialized in the semi-monthly Japanese magazine Hana to Yume, published by Hakusensha, from 1998 to 2006. The series' title comes from the name of a popular game played in Japanese elementary schools, which is alluded to in the series.

Fruits Basket tells the story of Tohru Honda, an orphan girl who, after meeting Yuki, Kyo, and Shigure Soma, learns that twelve members of the Soma family are possessed by the animals of the Chinese zodiac (十二支Jūnishi) and are cursed to turn into their animal forms when they are weak, stressed, or when they are embraced by anyone of the opposite sex that is not possessed by a zodiacal spirit. As the series progresses, Tohru learns of the hardships and pain faced by the afflicted Somas, and through her own generous and loving nature, helps heal their emotional wounds. As she learns more about Yuki, Kyo, and the rest of the mysterious Soma family, Tohru also learns more about herself and how much others care for her.

The series was also adapted into a 26-episode anime series in 2001, directed by Akitaro Daichi. A new anime television series adaptation produced by TMS Entertainment and directed by Yoshihide Ibata premiered on April 2019, which will adapt the entire manga. The anime series is licensed in North America under the Crunchyroll-Funimation partnership.^[5]

• 4Media
• 5Reception

Plot[edit]

When high school student Tohru Honda's mother dies in a car crash, Tohru decides to live with her grandfather. Renovations on the house and unsupportive and unkind family members cause her to move out of her grandfather's house temporarily and, since she has nowhere else to go, Tohru begins living in a tent and supporting herself. That is, until she finds a home in the least likely of places, inhabited by her popular classmate Yuki Soma and his cousin Shigure. The first day Tohru moves into the Soma house, an orange haired teenager crashes through the roof of her new bedroom and starts attacking Yuki. This newcomer is Kyo, Yuki and Shigure's aggressively angry cousin. Tohru ties to stop the fight by holding him, causing him to transform into an orange cat in front of her.

The Somas live with a curse. Twelve members of the family (not including Kyo, who is the cat) are possessed by spirits of the Chinese zodiac and turn into their zodiac animal when they are weak, under stress, embarrassed, or when hugged by someone of the opposite sex.

When Tohru discovers the Somas' secret, she promises not to tell and is allowed to keep living with them. Although the Somas' curse is deeper and darker than Tohru realized, her presence and her acceptance of them soon becomes a large, positive influence on those possessed by the zodiac. She sets out to break the curse and, on the way, meets and discovers the Soma's vengeful zodiac spirits. Each has a different personality, just like the animals in the Chinese zodiac. One by one, Tohru's existence changes the Soma clan's lives forever.

Characters[edit]

Tohru Honda

Tohru Honda (本田 透Honda Tōru), aged 16–18, is an orphaned high school student who, at the start of the story, lives in a tent before she encounters the Soma family. More specifically, she begins living with Shigure, Yuki, and Kyo Soma in exchange for housekeeping. She loves to cook, describes herself as an excellent housekeeper, and has an after-school job as an office janitor in an effort to pay her tuition fees and avoid being a burden to her grandfather.^[6] Throughout both the manga and anime series, it is noticeable from those around her that she has a good heart and genuinely cares about those in her life. Although knowing the Soma's curse, Tohru embraces the family and their secret.

Kyo Soma

Kyo Soma (草摩 夾Sōma Kyō), aged 16–18, is cursed by the cat, an animal not in the Chinese zodiac, but which legend says would have been if it had not been tricked by the Rat into missing the induction feast (see Zodiac origin stories).^[6] In an author's note, Natsuki Takaya described the character of Kyo as a powerful force that pulled the story of Fruits Basket along.^[7] In spite of his cold and aggressive nature, Kyo's heart later softens upon realizing Tohru's care for him be sincere. Their bond not only encourages Kyo to have a change of heart, but it also allows Kyo to trust in Tohru when he's to expose what it means to be excluded from the zodiac.

Yuki Soma

Yuki Soma (草摩 由希Sōma Yuki), aged 16–18, is the Rat of the Chinese zodiac and younger brother of Ayame. Yuki is depicted as an attractive, reserved, and accomplished young man with many admirers, but who finds being friendly difficult. He's been able to confide to Tohru without a problem and has expressed vulnerability as one who has the Soma curse.

Shigure Soma

Shigure Soma (草摩 紫呉Sōma Shigure), aged 26–28, is the Dog of the Chinese zodiac and the owner of the house where he, Tohru, Yuki, and Kyo live. He is a writer who publishes literary novels under his own name and trashy romances under pen names. His most successful pen name is Noa Kiritani, which he used for his erotic novel series, Summer-Colored Sigh. He is best friends with his cousins Hatori and Ayame, and he and Ayame like to pretend they are lovers.

Production[edit]

The title of the series is taken from a children's game, Fruits Basket (フルーツバスケットfurūtsu basuketto, where the 'tsu' represents the 't' in 'fruit', making it plural in an incorrect way), in which the participants sit in a circle, and the leader of the game names each person after a type of fruit; when the name of a child's fruit is called, that child gets up and has to find a new seat. When the protagonist, Tohru Honda, first plays this game in kindergarten, she is assigned 'onigiri', by her cruel classmates, but she does not mind because she thinks onigiri are delicious. Once the game is finished, and all of the children but Tohru are called, Tohru realizes that onigiri are not a type of fruit at all, and she realizes that she does not belong. Tohru comes to associate this game with the Soma family, and that she does not fit in among them any more than an onigiri does in a basket of fruit. In volume 1 of the manga, after Yuki and Kyo bring Tohru home from her grandfather's house, she begins to feel like she belongs with the Soma family. After this, she imagines herself as a child hearing 'onigiri' called in the game, symbolizing that she has finally found her place.^[8]

Natsuki Takaya named most of the twelve Somas cursed by zodiac animals after archaic names of month in the former Japanese lunisolar calendar that corresponds to their zodiac animal.^[9] The exceptions are Kureno and Momiji, whose names were swapped by mistake;^[10] Kyo, because he's the cat, is not part of the official zodiac.^[11]

Media[edit]

Manga[edit]

The 136 chapters of Fruits Basket were originally serialized in Japan by Hakusensha in Hana to Yume from July 1998 to November 2006. These were collected in 23 tankōbon volumes, with the final volume published in Japan on March 19, 2007.^[12]

The series is licensed in English in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop^[13] and in Singapore by Chuang Yi.^[14] The Singapore edition is licensed to be imported to Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment.^[15] All 23 English-language volumes have been released in North America and Singapore. In addition, Tokyopop released a box set containing the first four volumes in October 2007, and started re-releasing earlier volumes in 'Ultimate Editions' combining two sequential volumes in a single larger hard-cover volume with new cover art. The first Ultimate Edition release met with mixed reviews, however, because they exactly reproduce the first two volumes without correcting changed page numbers or prior errors.^[16] As of June 2008, six Ultimate Editions have been released, covering the first twelve volumes of the series. After Tokyopop ceased publication, the series was re-licensed by Yen Press, with plans to release it as twelve omnibus editions corresponding Hakuensha's collector's editions.^[17]

Chuang Yi also publishes in Singapore a Simplified Chinese edition as well as English. In Europe, Fruits Basket is licensed in French by Delcourt, in Spanish by Norma Editorial, in Italian by Dynit, in Dutch by Glénat, in German and Swedish by Carlsen Comics, in Finnish by Sangatsu Manga, and in Polish (the Collector's Edition version) by Waneko^[18], and in Danish by Mette Holm [Carlson Manga]. In Latin America, Editorial Vid has released the complete series in Mexico in Spanish, and Editora JBC has released the complete series in Portuguese in Brazil with the first volume released in April 2005.

On September 4, 2015, the first two volumes of Fruits Basket: Collector's Edition (愛蔵版 フルーツバスケット) were released in Japan under the Hana to Yume Comics Special imprint. It is to extend to twelve volumes in total. On the same day, a sequel series, Fruits Basket another (フルーツバスケットanother), began serialization in HanaLaLaOnline. The series is planned to run for 2-3 volumes.^[19] Starting in June 2016, Fruits Basket: Collector's Edition was released in English by Yen Press.^[20]

Anime[edit]

Directed by Akitaro Daichi, the twenty-six episode Fruits Basketanime series was animated and produced by Studio Deen. It premiered on TV Tokyo on July 5, 2001, with the final episode airing on December 27, 2001. Some parts of the plot deviated from the manga and were portrayed differently, such as Momiji and Shigure's mannerisms.^[21] Throughout production, Daichi and Takaya ran into disagreements, including the cast, coloring details, and Daichi's storytelling style, leading Takaya to disliking the series.^[22]

The series was released in Japan in nine individual DVD volumes by King Records, with each volume containing three episodes except for the first volume, which contained two.^[23] The first volume was released on September 29, 2001, with subsequent volumes released on a monthly basis until the final volume was released on May 22, 2002. A series box set was released on April 25, 2007, containing all twenty-six episodes, as well a message card from Natsuki Takaya, a 60-page deluxe booklet, and a bonus Fruits BasketCDsoundtrack.^[24]

Funimation aired the series with their English dub on the Funimation Channel as well as on Colours TV and also licensed it for Region 1 DVD release. It released it in the form of four individual volumes containing 6-7 episodes and a complete series box set. On November 20, 2007, Funimation re-released the series as part of their lower priced Viridian line, with the new release containing the complete series in a thin-packed box set,^[25] and then in August 1, 2017 on an upscaled Blu-ray in a standard and collector's edition.^[26][27] In the United Kingdom, FUNimation originally distributed the series through MVM Entertainment, but then changed distributors in November 2006 to Revelation Films.^[28] Revelation re-released the four individual volumes under their label. They also released the series box set on January 22, 2007.^[29] MVM re-licensed the series in late 2011.^[30] In Region 4, the series was released as a complete series box set by Madman Entertainment on October 15, 2003.^[31]

A new anime adaptation was announced in November 2018.^[32]Funimation announced that the new adaptation would air in April 2019, and would adapt the entire manga.^[33] For the Japanese version, due to Takaya's disagreement and disappointment with the staff and studio over the original anime, the new adaptation features a new cast and staff, with TMS Entertainment handling the production. Yoshihide Ibata is directing the series, with Taku Kishimoto handling series composition and Masaru Shindou handling character designs. In contrast, the English dub features many reprisals from the English voice actors that voiced in the first Fruits Basket series.^[34] Funimation has licensed the series for streaming and home video distribution.^[35] The new adaptation premiered on April 6, 2019 on TV Tokyo, TV Osaka, and TV Aichi.^[36] The new series' first season is listed for 25 episodes.^[37]Crunchyroll is streaming the English-subtitled version, while Funimation is streaming the English-dubbed version.^[38] Episodes 9 and 10 have been delayed internationally due to the French Open tennis tournament coverage in Japan.^[39]

Other media[edit]

In 1999, the magazine Hana to Yume released a special Fruits Basketdrama CD which had a four-chapter original story and short talk sections between each section. Released before the anime came out, this CD had a completely different voice cast. The CD was a promotional item with a limited run and is now unavailable.^[40] As well as the drama CD, there have been two music CD releases of Fruits Basket to coincide with the anime adaptation, Memory for You and Four Seasons (also known as Song for Ritsuko Okazaki).

Natsuki Takaya has created one art book and two fan books for Fruits Basket. The art book, containing 101 pages of illustrations, was published by Hakusensha on April 16, 2004.^[41] The first fan book, Fruits Basket Fan Book - Cat (フルーツバスケットファンブック〈猫〉Furūtsu Basuketto Fan Bukku (Neko)), which contained 192 pages of story summaries, character biographies, and activities, was published in Japan on May 19, 2005.^[42] Tokyopop released it in English on September 11, 2007.^[43] The second fan book, Fruits Basket Fan Book - Banquet (フルーツバスケットファンブック/宴Furūtsu Basuketto Fan Bukku /En), was published in Japan on March 19, 2007 and contained 187 pages;^[44] it was scheduled to be published in English by Tokyopop on April 27, 2010.^[45]

Fruits Basket has also resulted in the creation of a variety of merchandise, including plushies of the various zodiac animals, wall calendars, clothing items, key chains, wall scrolls, buttons, figurines, and school supplies. A collectible card game based on the series was also created and published by Score Entertainment which can be used for playing Dai Hin Min as well as other games.^[46]

In 2008, the all-male theatrical troupe Gekidan Studio Life announced it would be producing a theatrical adaptation of Fruits Basket, using only performers who would be making their stage debuts. The production ran for two weeks at the Galaxy Theater in Tokyo starting February 25, 2009.^[47]

Reception[edit]

Manga[edit]

The Fruits Basket manga series is one of the top manga series in both Japan and in the US. More than 18 million copies have been sold in Japan.^[12] It is Tokyopop's best selling manga series, with more than 2 million copies sold as of 2006.^[48][49] The fifteenth volume of the English release rose to the 15th position on the USA Today Top 150 Bestselling Books, which is the highest position ever achieved by a volume of manga in the United States.^[12] The eighteenth volume debuted at the top of the Nielsen BookScan sales list, while the nineteenth volume was the second bestselling graphic novel in March 2008.^[50][51] Despite a slow manga market, Fruits Basket remained the second highest overall selling manga series among the Bookscan companies in 2007.^[52] The final volume of the English adaptation was a New York Times manga bestseller from June 28 through July 25, moving from #2 to #1 in the list in the week of July 19–25.^[53][54][55] The volume dropped back down to second place the following week, then dropped to 4th place in the week of August 8.^[56][57] The final volume remained on the best seller list for 12 weeks.^[58]

The Fruits Basket manga received the 2001 Kodansha Manga Award in the shōjo manga category^[48] and the 'Best Manga' award at the 2007 American Anime Awards.^[59] In 2001, the Fruits Basket anime won an Animage Anime Grand Prix award.

Critics have praised the overall story in Fruits Basket as being intellectual, with even the relatively light-hearted first volume giving hints at something darker in the background that makes the reader 'question everything that happens.'^[60] Some felt the series was getting close to overloading readers with angst in later volumes, and questioned the credulity of the sheer number of bad parents in the series. As one reviewer noted: 'in the world of Fruits Basket, good parents are as common as penguins in the Sahara—every single one is either neglectful, smothering, unfeeling, abusive, misguided, or dead.'^[61] Takaya manages to balance the series' comedic elements with the more dramatic and heartbreaking moments, making it a captivating and engaging story.^[62]

As this title progresses the fact that this title was one of the more popular series in Japan becomes clear. The characters get a lot of love. You get to experience them when things are good, as well as when they are struggling. The pacing is perfect. There is a good mix of comedy, fun filler, drama and action (something for everyone). In addition Fruits Basket is easy to relate to. With all the different personalities and the different signs of the zodiac, there is always someone to associate with. There are few titles that can do all that well, Fruits Basket puts all of these aspects together and makes a tasty treat ...

Takaya's artwork is considered to be more than artistically appealing, with Takaya's skills in detailed art, shadowing, and shading allowing her to convey the character's moods and emotions without the character having any dialogue at all.^[61]

The real strength of Natsuki Takaya's artwork isn't that that it looks good—though it definitely does, from its beautiful characters to the intricately rendered textures of their clothing—but how well it communicates mood and emotions. Not content to rely on facial expressions, though she does them well, Takaya is particularly apt at using shading and shadows to indicate character's mental states ... The details of character's emotions—the disparity between Tohru's private emotions and her public front, the punishing intensity of Kyo's feelings for Tohru—are not only discernable but tangible, all without a word being spoken.

In Manga: The Complete Guide, Jason Thompson gave the manga three and a half out of four stars. While finding the series to be 'surprisingly sad' and praising the well-defined characters, he felt the series was 'neither particularly well drawn nor incredibly witty'. As a whole, he considered it 'a fascinating manga, like a sweet, melancholy dream.'^[64]Animerica reviewers felt the anime adaptation was similar to Ranma ½ in terms of premise and its using a similar musical score. Julie Davis found the characters to be 'superficially pretty' and 'so-clean-they-look-almost-like-paper-cutouts' with 'really, really gigantic eyes', though she notes that the animal alter forms of the zodiac members were 'cute and cuddly'. Fellow reviewer Urian Brown disagreed, stating that 'the characters are designed in a sleek stylish manner that is classy' and felt the animation was 'refined'.^[65] A factor in the success of Fruits Basket in English-speaking countries was that the books were being sold in bookstores, rather than comic book shops, which are considered to be a predominantly male domain.^[66]

Anime[edit]

The Fruits Basket anime adaptation has also been well received, ranking third in Anihabara's list of top televised anime series in Japan for February 2002.^[67] In the June 2002 issue of Animage magazine, the series was first in a list of the best twenty anime series in Japan.^[68] In 2006, five years after the series finished airing in Japan, it was 93rd in TV Asahi's list of Japan's 100 favorite animated TV series.^[69] Though it only covers part of the manga, critics felt the ending brought the story to a good stopping point while making it clear that there was much left for the Soma and Tohru to deal with, including the curse and Tohru's future choice between Kyo and Yuki.^[70][71] Though some felt the plot was lacking in development, they also praised the series for the strength of its character relationships.^[71]

The entire series of Fruits Basket proves to be a true emotional roller coaster, hiding truly deep and heartfelt drama behind a candy coating of fun and humor. Deep down, it explores many aspects of emotion as the various characters search for their place in the world, gaining strength from each other.

In April 2005, Funimation Entertainment started a project calling for convention attendees to help them fold 1,000 origami paper cranes. In Japanese folklore, folding 1,000 paper cranes would grant someone a wish. When they had at least 1,000 cranes, Funimation sent the cranes and pictures of the events to Studio Deen and Hakusensha to try to convince the company to produce a second season of the Fruits Basket anime.^[72] Fans successfully folded the required 1,000 cranes by the end of the 2005 convention season,^[73] starting at least a 13-year gap that culminated in the announcement of the new Fruits Basket anime in 2018.^[32]

Music[edit]

Theme Songs of Fruits Basket anime (2001)

Opening #1 - For Fruits Basket by Ritsuko Okazaki (JP), Meredith McCoy (US)

Ending #1 - Chiisana Inori by Ritsuko Okazaki (JP), Laura Bailey (US)

Ending #2 - Serenade by Ritsuko Okazaki (JP), Daphne Gere (US)

Theme Songs of Fruits Basket anime (2019)

Opening #1 - 'Again' by Beverly (eps 1-13)

Opening #2 - 'Chime' by Ai Otsuka (eps 14-)

Ending #1 - 'Lucky Ending' by Vickeblanka (eps 1-13)

Ending #2 - 'One Step Closer' by INTERSECTION (eps 14-)^[74]

References[edit]

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61. ^ ^abcKimlinger, Carl (5 June 2007). 'Fruits Basket GN 16 Review'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
62. ^Lavey, Megan (10 March 2005). 'Fruits Basket Vol #3'. AnimeOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
63. ^Chavez, Eduardo (19 June 2004). 'Fruits Basket Vol #3'. AnimeOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
64. ^Thompson, Jason (9 October 2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York, New York: Del Rey. p. 115. ISBN978-0-345-48590-8. OCLC85833345.
65. ^Davis, Julie; Brown, Urian (November 2001). 'Reviews, Best of the East'. Animerica. Viz Media. 9 (10/11): 90–91. ISSN1067-0831.
66. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-01.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
67. ^'Top Televised Anime in Japan'. Anime News Network. 11 March 2002. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
68. ^'June Animage Ranks Anime'. Anime News Network. 10 May 2002. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
69. ^'Japan's Favorite TV Anime'. Anime News Network. 13 October 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
70. ^ ^abDivers, Allen (21 May 2003). 'Fruits Basket DVD 4 Review'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
71. ^ ^abRocks, Jennifer (21 January 2008). 'Fruits Basket Set (Thinpak) (of 1)'. AnimeOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
72. ^Beveridge, Chris (9 April 2005). 'FUNimation Panel Coverage: Sakura Con 2005'. AnimeOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
73. ^'Fruits Basket News: Fruits Basket Paper Crane Update'. Funimation Entertainment. 13 October 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
74. ^https://www.fruitsbasketofficial.com/

Further reading[edit]

• Choo, Kukhee (November 2008). 'Girls Return Home: Portrayal of Femininity in Popular Japanese Girls' Manga and Anime Texts during the 1990s in Hana yori dango and Fruits Basket'. Women: A Cultural Review. 19 (3): 275–296. doi:10.1080/09574040802137243.

External links[edit]

Manga

• Official Hakusensha Fruits Basket manga site(in Japanese)
• Official Hakusensha Fruits Basket another manga site(in Japanese)
• Fruits Basket (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

Anime

Free Download Komik Fruit Basket Bahasa Indonesia Languages

• Official TV Tokyo Fruits Basket anime site(in Japanese)
• Official Fruits Basket (2019) anime website(in Japanese)
• Fruits Basket (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Fruits Basket (2019) (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Fruits Basket at TV.com
• Fruits Basket Quotations Memorable quotes from Fruits Basket

First Fruits is a religious offering of the first agricultural produce of the harvest. In classical Greek, Roman, and Hebrew religions, the first fruits were given to priests as an offering to deity. In Christian faiths, the tithe is similarly given as a donation or offering serving as a primary source of income to maintain the religious leaders and facilities. In some Christian texts, Jesus Christ, through his resurrection, is referred to as the first fruits of the dead. Beginning in 1966 a unique 'First Fruits' celebration brought the Ancient African harvest festivals that became the African American holiday, Kwanzaa.

• 1Ancient historical
• 2Biblical
• 3Ecclesial

Ancient historical[edit]

In ancient Greece[edit]

In Classical Athens the First Fruits were called an offering of aparche.^[1] Except during times of war, this would be a major source of funds for the temples of the Eleusinian goddesses, Demeter and Kore. Much of the agricultural offering was sold by the temple with the proceeds being used to pay for the daily upkeep of the temple complex. Under Pericles' rule, it became a way of extending Athens' power. The Demos or voting citizens would control the operation of the temple by elected boards. During times of war or for other necessity the Demos would borrow money from the treasury of the temple. Neighboring cities under Athens' control were required to give offerings from their harvests. This served to enrich Athens and extend her power.

Much of this was shown in the temple reports which were carved in stone when the governing body (called the epistatai) of the temple changed hands. In the stone IG I³ 386-387 it can be seen how the finances of the Eleusinian temples worked. Doctor Maureen B. Cavanaugh who translated stone IG I³ 386-387, argues that there were heavy implications of the funding realized from the First Fruits donations to the temple, in particular that it brought significant impact on Athenian power.^[2] This is noted in a loan cited in the stone record, of over 20,000 silver drachmas to the city.

Inscription IG I² 76 shows the provisions made for the offering of first fruits to Demeter and Kore by Athenian demes, Athens' allies and other Greek cities. It sets out that one six-hundredth of the barley crop and one twelve-hundredth of the wheat was to be offered to the goddesses. The proposal for the decree came from a special board of 'draftsmen' (syngrapheis), which suggests that the matter was deemed relatively complicated. Sacrifices were to be paid for out of the proceeds from the barley and wheat, votive offerings were to be made to the two goddesses, and the rest of the grain was to be sold. There were clearly concerns that some allies might avoid offering grain by claiming that they had come to Athens but never been received by officials there. So, the inscription insists that the Hieropoioi accept the grain within five days, or otherwise be subject to a substantial fine of 1000 drachmas.^[3] In order to draw in other Greeks, the Hieropoioi were then to record the weight of grain received on a board and distribute it to other cities, encouraging them to contribute. Lampon, a renowned seer in fifth-century Athens, moved a rider in which he proposed several changes to the draft decree: that the decree should be inscribed on stelai both in Eleusis and in Athens, that there should be an intercalary month in the following year, and that the Pelargikon (sacred land around the western end of the Acropolis) should be tidied up and protected. This demonstrates the authority which he gained from his expertise as a seer - notable since the Athenians tended to shy away from the recognition of experts in most fields.

The motivation behind the offering of first fruits is a combination of three religious factors: the need to honour the two goddesses, obedience to Apollo (in the form of the oracle), and 'ancestral custom'. The last two factors suggest that a recent oracle was in line with an older practice which had either fallen into disuse, or was being transformed into a much larger affair.^[4] In return for the offering, 'there will be many benefits in abundance of good harvests if they are men who do not injure the Athenians'.^[5] The reward, therefore, although it could only be guaranteed by the gods, was conditional on not injuring Athens. The decree cannot be dated precisely, however the combination of specific religious policy and Athenian political dominance evident here is relevant throughout Athens' imperial period. It is an example of Athens striving to advertise her claims to leadership in Greece, whilst simultaneously binding herself more closely with her allies. Similar to this is the expectation that allies would bring annual tribute to the City Dionysia, and sacrificial contributions to the Panathenaea.

Biblical[edit]

Hebrew perspective[edit]

In Ancient Israel, First Fruits was a type of offering that was akin to, but distinct from, terumah gedolah. While terumah gedolah was an agricultural tithe, the First-fruits, discussed in the Bikkurim tractate of the Talmud, were a sacrificial gift brought up to the altar (Bikkurim 3:12). The major obligation to bring First Fruits (henceforth: Bikkurim) to the Temple began at the festival of Shavuot and continued until the festival of Sukkot (Bikkurim 1:6). This tithe was limited to the traditional seven agricultural products (wheat, barley, grapes in the form of wine, figs, pomegranates, olives in the form of oil, and dates) grown in Israel.^[6] This tithe, and the associated festival of Shavuot, is legislated by the Torah.^[7]Textual critics speculate that these regulations were imposed long after the offerings and festival had developed.^[8]

By the time of classical antiquity, extensive regulations regarding Bikkurim were recorded in the classical rabbinical literature.^[9] According to Jewish law, the corners of fields, wild areas, left-overs after harvesting (gleanings), and unowned crops were not subjected to (and could not be used as) the tithe of First Fruits (they were intended to be left as charity for the poor, and other mendicants);^[6] plants from outside Israel were also prohibited from inclusion in the tithe,^[6] as was anything belonging to non-Jews.^[10] The rules also specify that each type of product had to be individually tithed, even if the numbers were balanced so that there was no difference in amount between this situation and using just some types of First Fruit as the tithe, and retaining others in their entirety.^[6] Fruit which was allocated to the tithe could not be swapped for fruit which wasn't, to the extent that wine couldn't be swapped for vinegar, and olive oil couldn't be replaced by olives; furthermore, fruits were not allowed to be individually divided if only part went to the tithe (small whole pomegranates had to be used rather than sections from a large pomegranate, for example).^[6]

The separation of tithed produce from untithed produce was also subject to regulation. The individual(s) separating one from the other had to be ritually clean, and had to include the best produce in the tithe if a kohen (priest) lived nearby.^[6] During the act of separation, the produce was not permitted to be counted out to determine which fell under the tithe, nor to be weighed for that purpose, nor to be measured for the same reason, but instead the proportion that was to become the tithe had to be guessed at.^[6] In certain situations, such as when tithed produce became mixed with non-tithed produce (or there was uncertainty as to whether it had), the tithed produce had to be destroyed.^[6] Anyone who made mistakes in the separation of tithed produce, and anyone who consumed any of the tithe, was required to pay compensation as a guilt offering.^[6]

The pilgrims that brought the Bikkurim to the Temple were obligated to recite a declaration, also known as the Avowal, set forth in Deuteronomy 26:3-10 (cf. Mishnah, Bikkurim 3:6). Native-born Israelites and proselytes would bring the Bikkurim and would say the Avowal, but women who brought the Bikkurim were not permitted to say the Avowal, since they were unable to claim inheritance in the Land bequeathed unto the tribes by their male lineage.^[a] This Avowal was incorporated into a beautiful and grand festive celebration with a procession of pilgrims marching up to Jerusalem and then the Temple with gold, silver or willow baskets to which live birds were tied. (Bikkurim 3:3,5 and 8). The pilgrims were led by flutists to the city of Jerusalem where they were greeted by dignitaries (Bikkurim 3:3). The procession would then resume with the flutist in lead until the Temple Mount where the Levites would break out in song (Bikkurim 3:4). The birds were given as sacrificial offerings and the declaration would be made before a priest while the basket was still on the pilgrim's shoulder (Bikkurim 3:5-6). After the basket was presented to the priest, it was placed by the Altar and the pilgrim would bow and leave (Bikkurim 3:6).

Christian perspective[edit]

Although some Christian churches do celebrate harvest time, the idea of giving the First Fruits to the church has been for the large part not actively observed in Western Christianity. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the 'first fruits' tradition is kept during the Great Feast for the Transfiguration of Our Lord, held on August 6/19.

In the CanonicalGospels, the concept of the harvest of First Fruits is used metaphorically and allegorically. In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus is described as stating that “in the time of harvest” he would instruct the harvesters (i.e., the angels) to gather the “tares”, bind them into bundles, and burn them, but to 'gather the wheat into [his] barn' (Matthew 13:30). Some argue that this teaching is about the Last Judgment rather than offering any thanksgiving to a deity, the “tares” being sinners or unbelievers of God and his son Jesus and the “wheat” being believers of God, although it also fits the rapture as noted in (Matthew 24:31) and (Revelation 14:4).

Other Christians, as well as early Gnostic writers argued it was less about sin and more about following Jesus' teachings and abandoning the teachings they had formerly known. In the Gospel of John, Jesus is described as stating “...he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together” (John 4:36), which some Christians argue is about rewards from God for those who perform God’s work.Tithe literally means a tenth. First Fruits means to appropriately mark a portion of the produce of the field as belonging to God. In the Law of Moses there is a parallel between the offering of first fruits and the offering of the first-born male which opens the womb. The latter belongs to the Lord, and must be either sacrificed to him, or redeemed.

The Apostle Paul also referred to Jesus' resurrection as a type of 'First Fruit' (1Corinthians 15:20) where he says: 'But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who are asleep.'

Ecclesial[edit]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church[edit]

The Eastern Orthodox Church the offering of first fruits takes the form of a thanksgiving and blessing. The produce is then consumed by the faithful rather than being given to the Church (though it may be donated as a free-will offering). The liturgical concept behind the blessing is the faithful offering back to God a token of that which he in his lovingkindness has provided, God blessing these firstfruits and returning them to the faithful for their benefit and blessing.

The blessing of first fruits traditionally begins on the Great Feast of the Transfiguration (August 6), with the blessing of grapes. In localities where grapes are not grown, other early-ripening fruits such as apples may be offered. There is a special ceremony at the end of the Divine Liturgy at which the priest blesses the first fruits, asking '...that the Lord may bless them, that they may be to us unto rejoicing, and that He may accept a gift of these fruits unto the cleansing of our sins...'^[12]

As the harvest season progresses, the first fruits of each species can be brought to the church to be blessed, using a similar format, but a different prayer: '...that the Lord may receive our gift unto His eternal treasury and grant us an abundance of earthly goods...'^[12]

In the Roman Catholic Church[edit]

In the Middle Ages the concept of offering the first fruits was adapted by the Christian church. This was called a tithe and was basically a tax to support the local clergy and the facility. In England, every tenth egg, sheaf of wheat, lamb, chicken, and all other animals were given to the church as a tithe, so farm products were expected to be donated throughout the year.

In France, the tithes—called la dîme—were a land and agricultural tax. The offering of first fruits was also referred to as new fruits. In French churches in the Middle Ages, new fruits were at given seasons presented at Mass for blessing. The blessed fruits were kept by the church and divided between the clergy and the poor. Similar customs during the Middle Ages could be found in all European countries.

First Fruits also refers to the payment new clerics made to the bishop or the Pope of all profits from the territory the new cleric controlled. This payment was called both Annates and First Fruits.

In Mormonism[edit]

Fruit Bowl

In The Book of Mormon, a canon of scripture used by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a similar passage is found stating 'the Holy Messiah, who layeth down his life according to the flesh, and taketh it again by the power of the Spirit, that he may bring to pass the resurrection of the dead, being the first that should rise. Wherefore, he is the firstfruits unto God'.^[13]

Free Download Komik Fruit Basket Bahasa Indonesia Language Free

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ἀπαρχή. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
2. ^Maureen B. Cavanaugh [PhD], Eleusis and Athens - Documents in Finance, Religion and Politics in the Fifth Century B.C. , Scholars Press, Published 1996, ISBN0-7885-0031-7.
3. ^Osborne, Robin; Rhodes, P. J. (2017). Greek Historical Inscriptions, 478-404 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 236.
4. ^Bowden, Hugh (2005). Classical Athens and the Delphic oracle: divination and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
5. ^IG I² 76, 45-6
6. ^ ^abcdefghiSinger, Isidore, ed. (1901) Jewish Encyclopedia (Funk and Wagnals) ASIN: B000B68W5S s.v. 'Heave-Offering'
7. ^Exodus23:16-19; Leviticus23:9; Deuteronomy26:2; et al.
8. ^Friedman, Richard Elliott (1997), Who Wrote the Bible? HarperOne. ISBN978-0-06-063035-5
9. ^Black, Matthew, ed. (2001), Peake's commentary on the Bible, Routledge ISBN978-0-415-26355-9
10. ^Singer, ed., Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. 'Sacrifice'
11. ^Ben Maimon, Moshe (1974). Mishne Torah (Hil. Bikkurim 4:1–3) (in Hebrew). 4. Jerusalem: Pe'er ha-Torah. pp. 132–133.
12. ^ ^abSokolof, Archpriest D. (1917). 'A Manual of the Orthodox Church's Divine Services' (3rd ed.). Jordanville NY: Printshop of St. Job of Pochaev (published 2001): 95.
13. ^2 Nephi 2:9. 'Book of Mormon'.

1. ^MishnahBikkurim 1:4, disputing, says that proselytes who brought the Bikkurim could not say the Avowal, seeing that they were not true descendants of Jacob the Patriarch and had no inheritance in the Land, though the Avowal would have them say, 'Which the Lord sware unto our Fathers for to give us' (Deut. 26:3). Moreover, the Avowal makes use of the words, 'My father was an oppressed Aramaean' (Deut. 26:5), explained there in the Aramaic Targum of Onkelos to mean that Jacob, the progenitor of the Israelite nation, was persecuted by Laban the Aramaean, who sought to destroy him. Maimonides, in his Code of Jewish law, makes it clear that the Avowal was also stated by proselytes, ruling in accordance with the Jerusalem Talmud, and where it is explained that although they cannot claim physical descent from Jacob the Patriarch, they could still claim to be of Abraham's progeny, since the Torah testifies retrospectively of him that he will become 'the Father of many nations' (Gen. 17:5). Moreover, even proselytes had a portion in the Land, by virtue of the Torah allowing them to be allotted land in the suburbs of the cities occupied by the tribes.^[11]

Further reading[edit]

• 'First-Fruits'. Catholic Encyclopedia (on-line ed.). 1909.
• Bible: Exodus 23:16,19; Lev. 23:9-14; Deuteronomy 26:2; Matthew 13:30; John 4:36.
• Woolger, Jennifer Barker; Roger J. Woolger (1999). The Goddess Within: A Guide to the Eternal Myths That Shape Women's Lives. New York: Fawcett Columbine. ISBN0-449-90287-0.
• Pollard, John F. (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-81204-6.